Anne Fairbrother, D.V.M, Ph.D.

Dr. Fairbrother has more than 30 years of experience in ecotoxicology, wildlife toxicology, contaminated site assessment, and regulatory science for existing and emerging chemicals in the U.S. and Europe. She recently served on a Science Advisory Panel to the state of Utah and as a consultant to the British Columbia (BC) Ministry of Environment to set site-specific water quality standards for selenium that protect fish and wildlife. She has conducted large-area (>100 sq mile) risk assessments at mines in tropical, desert, and mountain ecosystems, determining risk thresholds for plants and wildlife. She provided consultation on future development of mine pit lakes, assessed the risk to livestock from use of wastewater on irrigated pasture during mine closure operations, and conducted an assessment of risk to terrestrial and aquatic organisms from an abandoned mercury mine. Dr. Fairbrother conducted an assessment of the potential ecological risks to aquatic life in San Francisco Bay and coastal southern California posed by use of copper pipes. She also assessed risks to wildlife at sites contaminated with organic chemicals, including DDT, PCBs, dioxins, and petroleum hydrocarbons in Delaware, Texas, Oregon, and California, integrating ecological risks with human health risk assessments.

As a consultant, Dr. Fairbrother has supported various chemical industry groups in compiling and reviewing data from the literature in support of both U.S. and European regulatory processes. Historically, this included preparation of screening information data sets (SIDs) for submission through EPA to the OECD’s High Production Volume (HPV) data call-in program. More recently, she also has input the data into the IUCLID database for Europe-wide risk assessments and the REACH chemical registration program.

Dr. Fairbrother has participated in or led the development of guidance documents for ecological risk assessments. For example, she was co-author of the EPA’s Framework for Metals Risk Assessment and for BC Ministry of Environment guidance for implementing Tier 1 ecological risk assessments of contaminated sites and for setting soil clean-up values, and participated in the development of Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) for EPA.

While a scientist at the EPA, Dr. Fairbrother led research into the ecological risks of bioengineered crops, methods for assessing risks of nanomaterials, and some of the early guidance for field assessments of Superfund sites and effects of pesticides on birds. She researched and developed methods for assessment of chemical effects on bird immune and endocrine systems.

Dr. Fairbrother has published more than 80 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters that reflect her expertise in wildlife toxicology, immunotoxicology, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and ecological risk assessment. She serves on numerous scientific boards, expert panels, and editorial boards in support of scientific and regulator y issues. A veterinarian and Certified Wildlife Biologist, Dr. Fairbrother served as President of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians, and Wildlife Disease Association (WDA). She is the recipient of the WDA Distinguished Service Award (2002), and a gold medal for Commendable Service from EPA. Dr. Fairbrother holds an adjunct professorship at Oregon State University, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology.

Solomon KR, Dohmen P, Fairbrother A, Marchand M, McCarty L. Use of (eco) toxicity data as screening criteria for the identification and classification of PBT / POP compounds. Int Environ Assess Manage 2009; 5:680–696.

Menzie CA, Ziccardi LM, Lowney YW, Fairbrother A, Shock SS, Tsuji JS, Hamai D, Proctor D, Henry E, Su SH, Kierski MW, McArdle ME, Yost LJ. Importance of considering the framework principles in risk assessment for metals. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43(22):8478–8482.

Fairbrother A. Federal environmental legislation in the U.S. for protection of wildlife and regulation of environmental contaminants. Ecotoxicol 2009; 18:784–790.

Allard P, Fairbrother A, Hope BK, Hull RN, Johnson MS, Kapustka L, Mann G, McDonald B, Sample BE. Recommendations for the development and application of wildlife toxicity reference values. Int Environ Assess Manage 2009; 6:28–37.

Fairbrother A, Fairbrother JR. Are environmental regulations keeping up with innovation? A case study of the nanotechnology industry. Ecotox Environ Saf 2009; 72:1327–1330.

Fairbrother A, Wentsel R, Sappington K, Wood W. Framework for metals risk assessment. Ecotox Environ Saf 2007; 68:145–227.

Nagy LR, Fairbrother A, Orme-Zavaleta J, Etterson M. The intersection of independent lies in ecological risk assessment. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 2007; 13:355–369.

Gallagher K, Benson WH, Brody M, Fairbrother A, Hasan J, Klaper R, Lattier D, Lundquist S, McCarroll N, Miller G, Preston J, Sayre P, Seed J, Smith B, Street A, Troast R, Vu V, Reiter L, Farland W, Dearfield K. Genomics: Applications, challenges and opportunities for the U.S. EPA. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 2006; 12(3):572–590.

Suter II GW, Norton SB, Fairbrother A. Individuals vesus organisms versus populations in the definition of ecological assessment endpoints. Integrated Environ Assess Mgmt 2005; 1:397–400.

Fairbrother A, Turnley JG. Predicting risks of uncharacteristic wildfires: Application of the risk assessment process. Forest Ecol Mgmt 2005; 211:28–35.

Bennett RS, Dewhurst I, Fairbrother A, Hart ADM, Hooper M, Leopold A, Mineau P, Mortensen S, Shore RF, Springer TA. A new interpretation of avian and mammalian reproduction toxicity test data in ecological risk assessment. Ecotoxicol 2005; 14(8):1–15.

Shore RF, Crocker DR, Akcakaya HR, Bennett RS, Chapman PF, Clook M, Crane M, Dewhurst IC, Edwards PJ, Fairbrother A, Ferson S, Fischer D, Hart ADM, Holmes M, Hooper MJ, Lavine M, Leopold A, Luttik R, Mineau P, Moore DRJ, Mortenson SR, Noble DG, O’Connor RJ, Roelofs W, Sibly RM, Smith GC, Spendiff M, Springer TA, Thompson HM, Topping C. Case Study Part 1: How to calculate appropriate deterministic long-term toxicity to exposure ratios (TERs) for birds and mammals. Ecotoxicol 2005; 14(8):1–17.

Roelofs W, Crocker DR, Shore RF, Moore DRJ, Smith GC, Akcakaya HR, Bennett RS, Chapman PF, Clook M, Crane M, Dewhurst I, Edwards PJ, Fairbrother A, Ferson S, Fischer D, Hart ADM, Holmes M, Hooper MJ, Lavine M, Leopold A, Luttik R, Mineau P, Mortenson SR, Noble DG, O’Connor RJ, Sibly RM, Spendiff M, Springer TA, Thompson HM, Topping C. Case Study Part 2: Probabilistic modelling of long-term effects of pesticides on individual breeding success in birds and mammals. Ecotoxicol 2005; 14(8):1–29.

Clark J, Oretgo L, Fairbrother A. Sources of variability in plant toxicity testing. Chemosphere: Environ Toxicol Risk Assess 2004; 57:1599–1612.

Watrud LS, Lee Eh, Fairbrother A, Burdick C, Reichman JR, Bollman M, Storm M, King G, Van de Water PK. Evidence for landscape-level, pollen-mediated gene flow from genetically modified creeping bentgrass with CP4 EPSPS as a marker. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004; 101(40):14533–14538.

Fairbrother A, Smits J, Grasman K. Avian immunotoxicology. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part B 2004; 7:105–137.

Fairbrother A. Lines of evidence in ecological risk assessment. Human Ecol Risk Assess 2003; 9:1475–1491.

Sappington K, Fairbrother A, Wentsel R, Wood W. Development of a framework for risk assessment of metals. J Environ Mgmt 2003; 5:122–132.

Brewer L, Fairbrother A, Clark J, Amick D. Acute toxicity of lead, steel, and an iron-tungsten-nickel shot to mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). J Wildl Dis 2003; 39(3):638–648.

Adams WA, Brix KV, Edwards M, Tear LM, DeForest DK, Fairbrother A. Analysis of field and laboratory data to derive selenium toxicity thresholds for birds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2003; 22(9):2020–2029.

Phipps T, Tank SL, Brewer L, Wirtz J, Coyner A, Ortego LS, Fairbrother A. Essentiality of nickel and homeostatic mechanisms for its regulation in terrestrial organisms. Environ Rev./Dossiers Environ 2002; 10(4):209–261.

Stroo HF, Jensen R, Loehr RC, Nakles DV, Fairbrother A, Liban CB. Environmentally acceptable endpoints for PAHs at a manufactured gas plant site. Environ Sci Technol 2000; 34(18):3831–3836.

Fairbrother A. Comparative aspects of estrogen functions and measurements in oviparous and viviparous vertebrates. Human Ecol Risk Assess 2000; 6:73–102.

Fairbrother A, Brix KV, DeForest DK, Adams WJ. Egg selenium thresholds for birds: A response to J. Skorupa’s critique of Fairbrother et al., 1999. Human Ecol Risk Assess 2000; 6:203–212.

Fairbrother A, Brix KV, Toll JE, McKay S, Adams WJ. Egg selenium concentrations as predictors of avian toxicity. Human Ecol Risk Assess 1999; 5:1229–1253.

Fairbrother A, Bennett RS. Ecological risk assessment and the precautionary principal. Human Ecol Risk Assess 1999; 5:943-950.

Glicken J, Fairbrother A. Environment and social values. Human Ecol Risk Assess 1998; 4:779–786.

Ozman M, Dominguez SE, Fairbrother A. Effects of dietary azinphos methyl on selected plasma and tissue biomarkers of the gray-tailed vole. Bulletin of Environ Contam Toxicol 1998; 60:194–201.

Fairbrother A, Landis WG, Dominguez S, Shiroyama T, Buchholz P, Roze MJ, Matthews GB. A novel nonmetric multivariate approach to the evaluation of biomarkers in terrestrial field studies. EcoToxicol 1998; 7:1–10.

Chapman, P. M., Fairbrother A, Brown D. A critical evaluation of safety (uncertainty) factors for ecological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 1998; 17(1):99–108.

Fowles JR, Fairbrother A, Kerkvliet NI. Effects of induced hypo and hyperthyroidism on immune function and plasma biochemistry in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Comp BioChem Physiol 1997; 118C:213–220.

Fowles JR, Fairbrother A, Trust KA, Kerkvliet NI. Effects of Aroclor-1254 on the thyroid gland, immune function, and hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity in mallards. Environ Research 1997; 75:119–129.

Fairbrother A, Kapustka LA, Williams BA, Bennett RS. Effects-initiated assessments are not risk assessments. Human Ecol Risk Assess 1997; 3:119–124.

Kapustka LA, Williams BA, Fairbrother A. Evaluating risk predictions at population and community levels in pesticide registration--hypotheses to be tested. Environ Toxicol Chem 1996; 15:427–431.

Larson OR, Schwab RG, Fairbrother A. Seasonal occurrence of fleas (Siphonaptera) on deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in Northern California. J Vector Ecol 1996; 21:31–36.

Fairbrother A, Kapustka LA, Williams BA, Glicken J. Risk assessment in practice: Success and failure. Human Ecol Risk Assess 1995; 1:367–375.

Fowles J, Fairbrother A, Baecher-Steppan L, Kerkvliet NI. Immunologic and endocrine effects of the flame-retardant pentabromodiphenyl ether (DE-71) in C57B1/6J mice. Toxicol 1994; 86:49-61.

Marden B, Fairbrother A, Bennett J. Interlaboratory comparison of cholinesterase assay. Environ Toxicol Chem 1994; 13:1761–1768.

Trust KA, Fowles JR, Hooper MJ, Fairbrother A. Cyclophosphamide effects on immune function of European starlings. J Wildl Dis 1994; 30:328–334.

Fairbrother A, Fix M, O’Hara T, Ribic CA. Impairment of growth and immune function of avocet chicks from sites with elevated selenium, arsenic, and boron. J Wildl Dis 1994; 30:222–233.

Trust KA, Fairbrother A, Hooper MJ. Effects of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on immune function and mixed-function oxygenase activity in the European starling. Environ Toxicol Chem 1994; 13:821–830.

Fowles JR, Kerkvliet N, Fix M, Fairbrother A. Glucocorticoid effects on natural killer cell activity, antibody response, and plasma chemistry in mallards. Comp Develop Immunol 1993; 17:165–177.

Dominguez SE, Mnkel JL, Fairbrother A, Williams BA, Tanner RW. Effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on metabolic rate of bobwhite quail. J Appl Toxicol Pharmacol 1993; 123:226–233.

Buchholz P, Fairbrother A. Pathogenicity of Salmonella pullorum in northern bobwhite quail and mallard ducks. Avian Dis 1992; 36:304–312.

Marden BT, Fowles JR, Fairbrother A. [3H]Nmethylscopolamine binding to heart atrium and four brain regions from the mallard. Comp. BioChem and Physiol 1992; 103:115–120.

Fairbrother A, Fowles J. Subchronic effects of sodium selenite and selenomethionine on immune functions of the mallard. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol Chem 1990; 19:836–844.

Fairbrother A, O’Loughlin D. Hematological values of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) during different reproductive states. J Wildl Dis 1990; 26:78–82.

Fairbrother A, Craig MA, Walker K, O’Loughlin D. Changes in mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) serum chemistries due to age, sex, or reproductive condition. J Wildl Dis 1990; 26:67–77.

Fairbrother A, Wagner SL, Welch S, Smith BB. Influence of menstrual cycle on serum cholinesterase. Environ Health 1989; 49:181–189.

Fairbrother A, Bennett JK. The usefulness of cholinesterase measurements. J Wildl Dis 1988; 24(3):587–590.

Fairbrother A, Bennett RS, Bennett JK. Sequential sampling of plasma cholinesterase (ChE) in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). Environ Toxicol Chem 1987; 8:117–122.

Fairbrother A, Bennett RS. Changes in mallard hen behaviors in response to methyl parathion-induced illness of ducklings. Environ Toxicol Contam 1987; 7:499–503.

Crawford JA, Cole PJ, Kilbride KM, Fairbrother A. Atypical plumage of a female California quail. Cal Fish Game 1987; 73:244–247.

Knittel MD, Fairbrother A. Effect of either above optimum temperature or low pH on survival of free virus of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987; 53: 2771–2773.

Fairbrother A, Yuill TM. Experimental infection and horizontal transmission of Modoc virus in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). J Wildl Dis 1987; 23:179–185.

Fairbrother A, Yuill TM, Olson LJ. Effects of three plant growth regulators on the immune response of young and aged deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1986; 15:265–275.

Paull JA, Fairbrother A. Vaginal lavage for pregnancy diagnosis in deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus. J Exp Zool 1985; 233:143–149.

Fairbrother A, Yuill TM. Experimental viral infections of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). J. Mammal. 1984; 65:499–503.

Fairbrother A, Yuill TM, Olson LJ. Effects of ingestion of chlorocholine chloride and cyclophosphamide on Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infections in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Toxicol 1984; 31:67–71.

Porter WP, Hinsdill RD, Fairbrother A, Olson LJ, Jaeger J, Yuill TM, Bisgaard S, Hunter WG, Nolan K. Toxicant-disease-environment interactions associated with suppression of immune system, growth and reproduction. Science 1984; 224:1014–1017.

Glicken (Fairbrother) A, Schwab RG. Modes of ectoparasite reinfestations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). J Wildl Dis 1980; 16:577–586.

Glicken (Fairbrother) A, Kendrick JW. Hoof overgrowth in Holstein Frisian dairy cattle. J Heredity 1977; 68:386–390.

Books

Clark J, Fairbrother A, Kapustka LA. Adaptation and acclimation of terrestrial organisms to metals in soil. International Copper Association Special Publication, SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, 2001

Fairbrother A. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine—Toxicology. Guest Editor and Introduction for Volume 8(1). WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA, 1999.

Fairbrother A, Kapustka LA. Hazard classification of inorganic substances in terrestrial systems. International Council on Metals and the Environment, Ottowa, Canada, 1997.

Glickman L, Fairbrother AA, Guarino M, Bergman HL, Buck WB, Cork LC, Hayes HM, Legator SM, McConnell EE, Mcnelis DN, Temple SA. The use of animals as sentinels of environmental health hazards. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1991.

Book Chapters

Moore DRJ, Warren-Hicks WJ, Qian S, Fairbrother A, Aldenberg T, Barry T, Luttik R, Ratte H-T. Uncertainty analysis using classical and Bayesian hierarchical models. In: Application of Uncertainty Analysis to Ecological Risks of Pesticides. Hart A, Farrar D, Urban D, Fischer D, LaPoint T, Romijn K, Ferson S (eds), SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, in press.

Hodson PV, Reash RJ, Canton SP, Campbell PV, Delos CG, Fairbrother A, Hitt NP, Miller LL, Ohlendorf HM. Selenium risk assessment. In: Ecological Assessment of Selenium in the Aquatic Environment. Chapman PM, Adams WJ, Brooks ML, Delos CG, Luoma SN, Maher WA, Ohlendorf HM, Presser TS, Shaw DP (eds), SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, 2009.

Fairbother A. Risk management safety factors. In: Encyclopedia of Ecology. Jorgensen SE (ed), Elsevier: Oxford, 2008.

Lewis MA, Fairbrother A, Menzer RE. Methods in environmental toxicology. In: Principles and Methods of Toxicology, Fifth Edition. Hayes AW (ed), Taylor and Francis: Philadelphia, PA, 2007.

Fairbrother A, Hope B. Terrestrial ecotoxicology. pp. 138–142. In: Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Second Edition. Wexler, P. (ed), Elsevier: Oxford, 2005.

Mount DR, Ankley GT, Brix KV, Clements WH, Dixon DG, Fairbrother A, Hickey CW, Lanno RP, Lee CM, Munns WR, Ringer RK, Staveley JP, Wood CM, Erickson RJ, Hodson PV. Effects assessment. pp. 53–118. In: Reevaluation of the State of the Science for Water-Quality Criteria Development. Reiley MC, et al. (eds), SETAC Press: Pensacola, FL, 2003.

Fairbrother A, Kapustka LA. A historical perspective of environmental concerns to frame the issues. pp. 1–17. In: High-Potency Herbicides Impact on Nontarget Plants. Ferenc SA (ed), SETAC Press: Pensacola, FL, 2001.

Fairbrother A. Putting the impacts of environmental contamination in perspective. pp. 671–689. In: Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals. Shore RE, Rattner BA (eds), Ecological and Environmental Toxicology Series, John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, UK, 2001.

Fairbrother A, Lewis MA, Menzer RE. Methods in environmental toxicology. In: Principals and Methods of Toxicology, Fourth Edition. Hayes AW (ed), Taylor and Francis: Philadelphia, PA, 2000.

Fairbrother A, Bennett RS. Multivariate statistical applications for addressing multiple stresses in ecological risk assessments. pp. 69–115. In: Multiple Stressors in Ecological Risk and Impact Assessment: Approaches in Risk Estimation. Ferenc SA, Foran JA (eds), SETAC Press: Pensacola, FL, 2000.

Fairbrother A, Ankley GT, Birnbaum LS, Bradbury SP, Francis B, Gray LE, Hinton D, Johnson LL, Peterson RE, Van Derkraak G. Reproductive and developmental toxicology of contaminants in oviparous animals. pp 283–362. In: Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Contaminants in Oviparous Vertebrates. In: DiGiulio RT, Tillit DE (eds), SETAC Press: Pensacola, FL, 1999.

Klump JU, Adams WJ, Cardwell R, Fairbrother A, Harris HJ, Ingersoll CG, Power M, Reid LM. Conceptual approaches to identify and assess multiple stressors. pp. 1–26. In: Multiple Stressors in Ecological Risk and Impact Assessment. Foran JA, Ference SA (eds), SETAC Press: Pensacola, FL, 1999.

Kelsch T, Powell RL, Dixon KR, Fairbrother A, Helgen JC, Klaine SJ, Mayer FL, Pascoe GA, Shaw SL, Theriot RF. Regulatory issues and risk assessment. pp. 275–314. In: Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment for Wetlands. Lewis MA, Mayer FL, Powell RL, Nelson MK, Klaine SJ, Henry MG, Dickson GW (eds), SETAC Press: Pensacola, FL, 1999.

Peakall DB, Fairbrother A. Biomarkers for monitoring and measuring effects. pp. 351–376. In: Pollution Risk Assessment and Management. Douben PET (ed), John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, UK, 1998.

Fairbrother A. Establishing the health of ecosystems. pp. 101–108. In: Multiple Stresses on Ecosystems. Cech JJ, Wilson BA, Crosby DG (eds), Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, 1998.

Fairbrother A. Ecotoxicological principles for avian field studies. pp. 11–16. In: Radiotelemetry for Avian Field Studies. Brewer LW, Fagerstone KA (eds), SETAC Press: Pensacola, FL, 1998.

Kapustka LA, Fairbrother A, Williams BA, Glicken J, Bennett RS. Environmental risk assessment for sustainable cities. Technical Publication Series [3], UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre, Osaka, Japan, 1996. ISBN 92-807-1505-4.

Fairbrother A. Cholinesterase inhibitors. In: Non-Infectious Diseases of Wildlife, Second Edition. Fairbrother A, Locke L, Hoff GL (eds), Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, 1996.

Fairbrother A, Knapp CM. Ecological aspects of land spreading sewage sludge. pp. 75–80. In: Sewage Sludge: Land Utilization and the Environment. Clapp CE (ed), ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI, 1994.

Menzer RE, Lewis MA, Fairbrother A. Methods in environmental toxicology. pp. 1391–1418. In: Principles and Methods of Toxicology, Third Edition. Hayes AW (ed), Raven Press, New York, NY, 1994.

Fairbrother A. Clinical enzymology. pp. 63–92. In: Nondestructive Biomarkers in Vertebrates. Fosi C, Leonzio C (eds), Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, 1993.

Fairbrother A. Immunotoxicology of captive and wild birds. pp. 251–262. In: Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling: Integrated Studies of Agroecosystems. Kendall R, Lacher TE (eds), Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, 1993.

Weeks BA, Anderson DP, DuFour AP, Fairbrother A, Goven AJ, Lahvis GP, Peters G. Immunological biomarkers to assess environmental stress. pp. 212–234. In: Biomarkers: Biochemical, Physiological, and Histological Markers of Anthropogenic Stress. Huggett RJ, Kimerle RA, Mehrle PM, Bergman HL (eds), Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL, 1992.

Fairbrother A. Decontamination and mitigation of baculoviruses. pp. 843–850. In: Microbial Ecology: Principles, Methods, and Application to Environmental Biotechnology. Levin M, Seidler R, Rogul M (eds), McGraw Hill: New York, NY, 1991.

Rattner BA, Fairbrother A. Sources of variability in cholinesterase measurements. pp. 89–108. In: Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Insecticides—Their Impact on Wildlife and the Environment. Mineau P (ed), Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, Holland, 1990.

Fairbrother A, Bennett JK, Marden B, Hooper NJ. Methods of cholinesterase analysis, A United States perspective. pp. 35–72. In: Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Insecticides—Their Impact on Wildlife and the Environment. Mineau P (ed), Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, Holland, 1990.

Books Edited

Fairbrother A (ed). Test Methods for Hazard Determination of Metals and Sparingly Soluble Metal Compounds in Soils. SETAC Press: Pensacola, FL, 2002.

Fairbrother A, Locke L, Hoff, GL (eds). Non-Infectious Diseases of Wildlife, Second Edition. Iowa State University Press: Ames, IA, 1996.

Selected Published Abstracts

International

Fairbrother A, Wentsel R, Wood W, Sappington K, Noyes P. Framework for inorganic metals risk assessment. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada, November 2006.

Gallagher K, Morris J Willis, J., Alwood A, Bauer D, Boethling R, Brody M, Burgin D, Chow F, Dreher K, Fairbrother A, Henry T, Karn B, Libelo L, Lingle S, Nabholz J, Prothero S, Savage N, Sayre P, Scalera J, Schoepf W, Street A, Utterback D, Williamson T, Zepp R. Nanotechnology: environmental opportunities and challenges. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada, November 2006; and Society for Risk Analysis Meeting, Baltimore, MD, December 2006.

Schumaker N, Nagy L, Fairbrother A. PATCH: A spatically explicit wildlife population model for assessing risks of pesticides to songbirds. Presented at the Wildlife Disease Association World Congress, Cairns, Australia, June 2005.

Fairbrother A, Wentsel R. Framework for inorganic metals risk assessment. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, European Annual Meeting, Lille, France, May 2005.

Fairbrother A. Communicating probabilistic risk outcomes to risk managers. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, European Annual Meeting, Hamburg, Germany, April 2003.

Clark J, Fairbrother A, Brewer L, Bennett RS. Effects of exogenous estrogen on mate selection of house finches. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, European Annual Meeting, Vienna, Austria, May 2002.

Blanton ML, Driver CJ, Fairbrother A, Touart L. Detailed review paper for an avian two-generation and partial life-cycle reproductive and developmental toxicity test. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, European Annual Meeting, Vienna, Austria, May 2002.

Trust KA, Fairbrother A, Hooper MJ. Effects of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on immune function and mixed-function oxygenase activity in the European starling. Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 1993; and Wildlife Disease Association Annual Meeting, Guelph, Canada, August 1993.

Fairbrother A. Biomarkers in wildlife. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, November, 1989.

Fairbrother A. Immunotoxicology of wild and laboratory birds. Wildlife Disease Association 6th International Meeting, East Berlin, GDR, August, 1990.

Yuill TM, Hinsdill RD, Porter WJ, Fairbrother A. The hidden challenge: determining sublethal effects of wildlife diseases. Wildlife Disease Association 6th International Meeting, East Berlin, GDR, August, 1990.

National

Fairbrother A. The art and practice of weighing evidence for environmental assessment. Presented at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Conference, New Orleans, LA, November 2009.

Fairbrother A, Dohmen P, Marchand M, McCarty LS, Solomon K. Use of (Eco) toxicity data as screening criteria for the identification and classification of PBT / POP compounds. Presented at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Conference, Tampa, FL, November 2008.

DeForest D, Fairbrother A, Adams BA. Selenium hormesis in birds—Implications for developing dietary and egg-based toxicity thresholds. Presented at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Conference, Tampa, FL, November 2008.

Fairbrother A, Dohmen P, Marchand M, McCarty LS, Solomon K. Use of (Eco) toxicity data as screening criteria for the identification and classification of PBT / POP compounds. Presented at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Conference, Tampa, FL, November 2007.

DeForest D, Fairbrother A, Adams BA. Selenium hormesis in birds—Implications for developing dietary and egg-based toxicity thresholds. Presented at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Conference, Tampa, FL, November 2007.

Grim KC, Fairbrother A, Monfort S, Tan S, Rattner B, Gerould S, Beasley V, Aguirre A, Rowles T. Results of a wildlife toxicology workshop held by the Smithsonian Institution—Identification and prioritization of problem statements. National Presented at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Conference, Milwaukee, WI, November 2007.

Hope B, Allard P, Fairbrother A, Hull R, Johnson MS, Kapustka LA, McDonald B, Sample BE. Representation and consequences of uncertainty in the toxicity reference value. Presented at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Conference, Milwaukee, WI, November 2007.

Allard P, Hill R, Mann G, Mackintosh C, Hull R, Kapustka LA, Mcdonald B, Hope B, Sample BE, Fairbrother A, Johnson MS. Using dose-response relationships for wildlife TRVs. Presented at the Society for Risk Analysis Annual Conference, Milwaukee, WI, November 2007.

Kapustka L, Fairbrother A, Sample BE. Linking assessment endpoints and wildlife TRVs. Presented at the Society for Risk Analysis Annual Conference, Milwaukee, WI, November 2007.

Hull RN, Allard P, Fairbrother A, Hope B, Johnson MS, Kapustka LA, McDonald B, Sample BE. Summary of recommendations for wildlife TRV development and use. Presented at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Conference, Milwaukee, WI, November 2007.

Fairbrother A. Environmental immunotoxicants: Human-wildlife relationships. Presented at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Conference, Milwaukee, WI, November 2007.

Fairbrother A, Sappington K, Wentsel R, Menzie C, Bottimore D, Downey P, Haber L, Harding-Barlow I, Nelson M, Thornton K. Principles for Metals Risk Assessment USEPA Framework. Presented at the Society for Risk Analysis Annual Conference, Baltimore, MD, December 2006.

Fairbrother A, Wentsel R, Sappington K, Wood W, P. Noyes. Framework for inorganic metals risk assessment. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Montreal, Canada, November 2006.

Morzillo AT, Fairbrother A. Effects of human activities on resident mammals within urban ecosystems. Presented at the 86th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mammalogists meeting, Amherst, MA, June 2006.

Smith C, Stubblefield W, Clark J, Fairbrother A, Allen H, Schoeters I, Dwyer R. Distribution of soil bioavailability parameters throughout Europe and development of metalloregions. Major Scientific/Technical Contributions. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, November 2004.

Wentsel R, Fairbrother A. Overview of the development of the Framework for Metals Risk Assessment. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, November 2004.

Fairbrother A. Comparison of European and United States approaches to new and existing substances regulation. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, November 2004.

Adams W, Brix K, DeForest D, Toll J, Fairbrother A, Kapustka L. Ecological risk assessment at a copper smelter. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, November 2004.

Suter II GW, Fairbrother A, Munns Jr WR, Norton SB, Wentsel R, Kravitz MJ. Individuals versus organisms versus populations in the definition of ecological assessment endpoints. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, November 2004.

Smolders E, Fairbrother A, Hale B, Lombi E, McGrath S, McLaughlin M, Rutgers M, Van der Vliet L. Hazard assessment of metals and metal compounds in terrestrial systems. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Austin, TX, November 2003.

Adams WJ, Tear LM, Edwards M, Fairbrother A, Brix KV. Re-analysis of field data used to derive selenium toxicity thresholds for birds. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN, November 2000.

Fairbrother A. Values of constructed and natural ecosystems: Are they equivalent? Presented at Society for Risk Analysis Annual Meeting, Arlington, VA, December 2000.

Fairbrother A, Tear L, Toll J. Probabilistic risk assessment of methiocarb in terrestrial agroecosystems. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN, November 2000.

McQuillen H, Brewer L, Fairbrother A, Clark J, Bennett RS, Fry DM. Field deployable techniques to monitor exposure to environmental estrogens throughout the reproductive cycle of wild birds. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN, November 2000.

Fairbrother A. A critical review of avian test methods for endocrine disrupting activity of environmental chemicals. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, PA, November 1999.

Fairbrother A, Bennett RS. Environmental risk assessment and the precautionary principle. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Charlotte, NC, November 1998.

Fairbrother A, Bennett RS. Ecological risk assessment at the Mother Lode mercury mine, Ochoco National Forest. The 47th Annual Meeting of the Wildlife Disease Association, Madison, WI, August 1998.

O’Hara T, Franson C, Fairbrother A. Forensic investigations of wildlife: contaminants. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, November 1997.

Clark J, Fairbrother A, Brewer L, McQuillen H, Bennett RS. Effects of exogenous estrogen on mate selection of house finches. Presented at Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN, November 2000.

Invited Presentations

International

Fairbrother A. Environmental effects of manufactured nanomaterials. Invited plenary presentation at SETAC World Conference, Sydney, Australia August 2008.

Fairbrother A. Ecological risk assessment and wildlife toxicology. 1st International Conference on Environmental Issues, Hanoi, Vietnam, March 2004.

Fairbrother A. Genetically modified foods: Technological breakthrough or ecological nightmare? Keynote address at SETAC Asia Pacific conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, September 2003.

Fairbrother A, Turnley JG. Communication of probabilistic risk assessments. Invited presentation in special symposium on Probabilistic Risk Assessment at SETAC Europe 13th annual conference, Hamburg, Germany, April 2003.

Clark J, Fairbrother A, Brewer L, Bennett RS. Effect of exogenous estrogen exposure on mate selection by the female house finch. Invited presentation at SETAC Europe 12th Annual Conference, Vienna, Austria, May 2002.

Robinson S, Fairbrother A. Human health risks from organotins in household products. Proceedings of the Organotin Environmental Programme Association Meeting, Sardinia, Italy, October 2000.

Fairbrother A, Brix KV, DeForest DK, Adams WJ. Critical review of tissue-based selenium toxicity thresholds for fish and birds. Presented at Mine Reclamation Symposium, Williams Lake, British Columbia, June 2000.

Fairbrother A. Fellow of the Crown Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand. Invited lectures to scientific staff, regulators and academics (University of NZ, Christchurch), October 2000.

Fairbrother A. Keynote speaker and invited lecturer, Zoo and Wildlife Veterinary Medicine, Continuing Education. Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, Australia. September 1999.

Fairbrother A. Tier 1 (Screening Level) risk assessments in British Columbia. Workshop sponsored by the Ministry of the Environment, Vancouver, BC, November 1998.

National

Plenary: Federal environmental legislation in the U.S. for protection of wildlife and regulation of environmental contaminants. Smithsonian Wildlife Toxicology Symposium, Washington DC March 2007.

Keynote: History of development and use of bioindicators and biomarkers in the U.S. 14th International Conference on Bioindicators. Baltimore, MD April 2006.

Lecture: RCRA and CERCLA: Environmental containment, contamination, and clean up. School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, March 2005.

Co-instructor: Introduction to Ecological Risk Assessment. Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife and Dept. of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, Winter 2003–2007.

Lectures: Risk assessment overview and introduction to TSCA and FIFRA. Presented in an upper division graduate level course on environmental studies. Department of Environmental Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, Fall 2002, Winter 2003, 2004.

Ecological Risk Assessment Guidelines in Oregon -- Case Study. Presentation at the Environmental Law Education Center, 2nd Annual Meeting on Contaminated Sites Issues, Portland, OR, March 1998.

Selenium toxicity in wetland birds. Selenium Symposium, Salt Lake City, UT, March, 1997.

Toxicity Extrapolations in Terrestrial Systems. Lead Instructor. A short-course workshop at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, November, 1996.

Environmental Risk Assessment for Sustainable Development. Nevada Environmental Conference, Reno, NV, September–October, 1996.

Ecological risk assessment benefits, environmental management. Invited presentation at Ecological Risk Assessment Symposium, Corvallis, OR, November, 1994.

The biomedical paradigm applied to ecosystems. Ecosystem Health Meeting sponsored by University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, October, 1993.

Ecological aspects of land spreading of sewage sludge. Land Application of Sewage Sludge Symposium, Minneapolis, MN, August, 1993.

Seminar: Ecological risk assessment: from biomarkers to landscapes. Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, February 2003.

Lectures: Ecological Risk Assessment. Team-taught upper division/graduate level course at Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, Winter Quarter 2003.

Lectures: Wildlife Toxicology. Presented in an upper division graduate level course on wildlife diseases. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, March 1998 and 1999.

Lectures: Situational Ethics – the use of science in policy making. Oregon Junior Science and Humanities Symposium, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, March 1996–1999.

Invited Weisse Lecturer: Ecological Risk Assessment and Wildlife Toxicology. Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, January 1998.

Seminar: Toxicity extrapolations in terrestrial systems. University of Nevada, Reno, NV, April 1997.

Lecture: Introduction to ecotoxicology. University of Nevada, Reno, NV, April 1997.

Lecture: Ecotoxicology and veterinary medicine. School of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, August, 1995 and 1996.

Lecture: Ecological risk assessment practices. Envirovet Program, Duluth, MN, August, 1994.

Lecture: Current and future ecological risk assessment approaches in the EPA. Envirovet Program, Duluth, MN, July, 1993.

Lecture: Environmental science and policy in the 21st century. Oregon Junior Science and Humanities Symposium, Corvallis, OR, March, 1993.

Lecture: Wildlife veterinary medicine and conservation biology. School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, February, 1992.

Seminar: Environmental toxicology: a growing concern? College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, November, 1990.

Lecture: Career opportunities in wildlife medicine. Keynote speaker at Phi Beta chapter Annual Meeting, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, May, 1990.

Lecture: Wildlife immunotoxicology. Oregon State University, spring term of even years, Corvallis, OR.

Lecture: The role of the USEPA in environmental toxicology. Institute of Wildlife Toxicology and Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, April, 1990.

Lecture: The Wildlife Toxicology Research Team at the USEPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis. Institute of Wildlife Toxicology and Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, 1987.

• Sr. Consultant and Lead for Environmental Risk Assessment and Toxicology, Parametrix, Inc., 2007–2008
• Associate Director for Science, U.S. EPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, 2006–2007
• Chief, Risk Characterization Branch, (Supervisory Life Scientist, hired at the GS-15 level [science promotion to Grade 15, 9/02]); U.S. EPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, 2002–2006
• Director and Senior Ecotoxicologist, Terrestrial Ecotoxicology; Parametrix, Inc., 1999–2002
• Sr. Wildlife Ecotoxicologist; Ecological Planning and Toxicology, Inc.,1994–1999
• Chief, Ecotoxicology Branch, (Supervisory Ecologist, detailed at the GM-15 level), USEPA Environmental Research Laboratory, 1992–1994
• Research Ecologist USEPA Environmental Research Laboratory (GS12 – GS14), 1986–1992
• Courtesy Associate Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 1987–2003
• Courtesy Professor, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 2003–present
  

Conducted an RI/FS for 150 miles of the upper Columbia River (Canadian border to the Grand Coulee Dam) and surrounding uplands to assess potential ecological risks of smelter emissions to aquatic life, plants, and wildlife. Studied contaminated sediments to ascertain bioavailable metals, conducted food-chain analyses for fish and wildlife, and evaluated soil and uplands in depositional areas to assess risks to plants and wildlife. Work was conducted under agreement with EPA and participating parties.

Conducted a Detailed Ecological Risk Assessment of the tailings management system of the Gratzburg mine, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. This included assessing risks to plants and wildlife in jungles and estuarine mangrove ecosystems through food-chain analyses, ecological function studies, and floristic composition analyses. Performed extensive plant phytotoxicity and metal uptake studies to determine risk thresholds for tropical species. A detailed report was written estimating current and future (until mine closure in 2034) risks.

Served as an Expert Advisor to Cominco and its contractors for design and conduct of a terrestrial wide-area assessment under the Contaminated Site Regulations of British Columbia. This included development of appropriate assessment endpoints, conceptual site models, sampling and analysis plans, and final risk estimates. The area encompassed the upper Columbia River Valley and associated side valleys that had been subject to past deposition from the zinc-lead smelter plume.

Conducted an Ecological Risk Assessment for 165 square miles of property surrounding the Bingham Canyon, Utah, gold mine. Work included a survey of plants and wildlife on the site, food-chain analysis of potential metal contamination, field measurements of small-mammal populations, nesting surveys of shorebirds, and development of management options for various portions of the site. Included a probabilistic risk assessment of effects of selenium on the local populations of wading birds.

Conducted an assessment of risk to terrestrial and aquatic organisms from an abandoned mercury mine in the Ochoco Mountains, Oregon, and determined risk-based cleanup levels. This was the first risk assessment to follow the newly published Oregon Department of Environmental Quality guidelines.

Assessed the potential for risk to livestock from use of wastewater on irrigated pasture during mine closure. Selenium and thallium were identified as contaminants of concern. Plant uptake studies were conducted to refine risk estimates for thallium, both in laboratory and field situations.

Provided expert consultations on review comments relating to potential future development of pit lakes at gold mines in Nevada. Included interpretation of information on contaminants of concern, potential for bioaccumulation, and wildlife food-chain contamination.

Conducted an assessment of the potential ecological risks posed by use of copper pipes in housing in California. Specific emphasis was on amount of copper discharged to San Francisco Bay. Other areas, such as the Southern California Bight and San Diego Bay, also were assessed. Endpoints included protection of aquatic life, achievement of water quality criteria, and methods for establishing water effect ratios for specific locations.

Conducted a screening-level and Level II ecological risk assessment as part of a cleanup of stormwater runoff from the bus yard of the Tri-Met transportation authority in Portland, Oregon. Runoff into a bioswale had contaminated a small wetland and possibly a nearby creek. Endangered species of concern included the red-legged frog. Human health risks also were assessed for final cleanup.

Developed a probabilistic risk assessment model for determining risk of pesticides to birds using agricultural fields, including both flowable and granular pesticides. The model was developed using the Analytica® decision-based software system. The model was developed for industry as part of the ECOFRAM process sponsored by the EPA. The basic model is applicable to exposure to any contaminant, and contains a fate module that allows input of degradation rates over time.

Provided technical and managerial support to the organotin industry for submission of a screening information data set (SID) of information on 27 chemicals to the OECD’s High Production Volume (HPV) data call-in program. Reviewed the available literature on physical/chemical properties, environmental fate, ecotoxicity, and human health effects for all the chemicals, and entered appropriate data into the IUCLID database system. Tests were placed with contract laboratories to fill data gaps. Structure-activity relationships and chemical categories were developed to reduce the need for testing. Developed rest plans, SIARs, and dossiers for submission to the regulatory authorities.

Collated all existing toxicity reference values for wildlife, plants, and soil invertebrates into a user-friendly database. Information was accessible via an interface with Microsoft Access. Included in the database were the endpoint, species tested, method of determining TRV/ benchmark, and jurisdiction. All values were rated on 20 criteria, and a desirability rating was provided to guide the selection of an endpoint when multiple values (i.e., jurisdictions) were available. The database is to be integrated into the Tri-Services web-based screening-level risk assessment model.

Built a database of nickel toxicity and essentiality and mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Retrieved and collated all available information on essentiality and toxicity of nickel to terrestrial and aquatic receptors (other than humans). Reviewed papers for data quality and entered information into a Microsoft Access database for easy retrieval (subsequently migrated to IUCLID). Literature citations were entered into ProCite.

Reviewed entire literature for effects of zinc and phthalate esters on terrestrial organisms (plants, wildlife, soil organisms). Qualified all studies for data quality and summarized the extent of the database. Provided all information in written report and electronic database of endpoints and data quality. Zinc data were used in the continent-wide ecological risk assessment conducted by the European Union (EU) and subsequently were migrated to IUCLID for use in REACH.

Wrote a Tier I assessment and supervised the conduct of toxicity and exposure studies for registration with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of a new non-toxic shot for waterfowl hunting. Successfully completed the registration process under the new regulations, which allow selected testing rather than a complete battery of tests. Information also was submitted to Environment Canada for review. Shot has been registered and successfully marketed in the U.S. for several years.

Co-author of the EPA’s Framework for Metals Risk Assessment. This guidance document provides the basic concepts for conducting human health and ecological risk assessments on inorganic metals, primarily at contaminated sites. It includes definitions and guidance for major areas, including background, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, and environmental chemistry of metals.

Wrote and produced the guidance document and checklist manual for British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Land, and Parks for implementing Tier 1 ecological risk assessments of contaminated sites. Presented the materials at training workshops in Vancouver.

Directed studies in a fully compliant GLP laboratory following FIFRA pesticide registration guideline for mallard and bobwhite quail. Included acute, subchronic, and reproduction studies with novel chemical and biological pesticides, conducted for most of the large agrichemical companies. Additional studies included tests specifically tailored to address questions of contaminant uptake from soil, potential food aversion from chemical-treated feed, and other studies to address specific aspects of exposure of wildlife to pesticides.

Conducted and published laboratory studies with the rat as a model of the pica child to determine the uptake efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons from soils. Soil types included aged soils, treated soils, and lampblack. Information from the study can be used in exposure equations in place of default values when estimating total uptake of PAHs from different soil types during either human or ecological risk assessments of contaminated sites.

Researched effects of estrogen supplementation in house finch breeding behavior, including mate selection, changes in plumage coloration, and reproductive output. Animals were implanted with time-release devices for continual elevation of estrogen levels, and an ELISA method for measurement of fecal/urate estrogens was adapted to the house finch to monitor changes in hormones during the breeding cycle. Used videography to assess effects on nest behaviors.

• American Veterinary Medical Association—AVMA
  – Committee on Environmental Issues, 2001-2003 (Chair, 2002–2003)
• American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians—AAWV
  – President, 1991–1993
• Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry—SETAC
  – President SETAC North America, 2002–2003
• Society for Risk Analysis—SRA
• Wildlife Disease Association—WDA
  – President, 1995–1997