Stephen M. Mudge, Ph.D.

Dr. Mudge has been a practicing environmental scientist for 27 years, gaining his Ph.D. on the development of novel chemicals for use as non-toxic antifouling paint additives. He spent almost 6 years at Lancaster University as a post-doctoral research associate investigating the geochemistry of radionuclides in the environment, especially plutonium in estuaries and polonium-210 discharged from a metal smelter. These studies were funded by Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Pollution, the forerunner to the Environment Agency in the UK. Since 1991, Dr. Mudge has been an academic at Bangor University, School of Ocean Sciences, UK, where he developed the world’s first undergraduate programme in Environmental Forensics.

Dr. Mudge’s research has focused on identifying the sources of contaminants in the environment and apportioning responsibility among potential polluters. He has tracked sewage-derived materials in marine and estuarine environments and has published several papers and book chapters on the subject (22 directly or indirectly related to sewage contamination, as of July 2008). He has expanded the use of multivariate statistical methods such as PCA and PLS in quantitative source apportionment and has contributed three papers concerning the initial hydrocarbon source in Prince William Sound, Alaska.

Dr. Mudge has acted an expert witness for a water company in the UK in cases involving the blocking of sewers with fats, oils, and greases. Other UK water companies have used his services in similar cases and for determining the source of odours around wastewater treatment plants. He has expanded the use of SPME in the detection of VOCs such as chloroform, dichloromethane, and other aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons at very low concentrations both in water and from sediment or soil gases.

Mudge SM. Is the use of biofuels environmentally or ethically sound. J Environ Monit 2008; 10(6):701–702.

Mudge SM, Icely JD, Newton A. Residence times in a hypersaline lagoon: Using salinity as a tracer. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 2008; 77(2):278–284.

Ahumada R, Rudolph A, Mudge SM. Trace metals in sediments of Southeast Pacific fjords, North Region (42.5° to 46.5°S). J Environ Monit 2008; 10(2):231–238.

Wayland D, Megson DP, Mudge SM, Icely JD, Newton A. Identifying the source of nutrient contamination in a lagoon system. Environ Forensics 2008; 9(2):231–239.

Bravo-Linares C, Mudge SM, Loyola R. Incidence and distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Liverpool Bay, Irish Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2007; 54(11):1742–1753.

Mudge SM, Icely JD, Newton A. Oxygen depletion in relation to water residence times. J Environ Monit 2007; 9:1194–1198.

Brooksbank A, Mudge SM, Latchford JW. Degradation and modification of fats oils and grease (FOGs) by commercial microbial supplements. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 23(7):977–985.

Pereira MG, Icely JD, Mudge SM, Newton A, Rodrigues R. Temporal and spatial variation of phytoplankton pigments in the western part of Ria Formosa lagoon, Southern Portugal. Environ Forensics 2007; 8(3):205–220.

Barreira LM, Mudge SM, Bebianno MJ. Concentration and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Ria Formosa lagoon. Environ Forensics 2007; 8(3):231–243.

Mudge SM. Environ forensics. J Environ Monit 2007; 9(5):395–395.

Mudge SM. Multivariate statistical methods in environ forensics . Environ Forensics 2007; 8(1&2):155–163.

Mudge SM. Environ forensics in the UK. J Environ Monit 2007; 9(2):141–142.

Barreira LM, Mudge SM & Bebianno MJ. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in clams Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Ria Formosa lagoon. J Environ Monit 2007; 9(2):187–198.

Barreira LM, Mudge SM, Bebianno MJ. Oxidative stress in the clam Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in relation to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons body burden. Environ Toxicol 2007; 22(2):203–221.

Bravo-Linares C, Mudge SM. Analysis of Volatile Organics Compounds (VOCs) in sediments using in situ SPME sampling. J Environ Monit 2007; 9(5):411–418.

Oliver LR, Perkins WT, Mudge SM. Detection of technetium-99 in Ascophyllum nodosum from around the Welsh coast—Tracking the southern movement of the Sellafield plume. Chemosphere 2006; 65:2297–2303.

Ali MM, Mudge SM. Cluster analysis in lipid biomarker studies: A case of the Clyde Sea. Sains Malaysiana 2006; 35:41–47.

Burns WA, Mudge SM, Bence AE, Boehm PD, Brown JS, Page DS, Parker KR. Source allocation by least-squares hydrocarbon fingerprint matching. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40(21):6561–6567.

Murray LG, Mudge SM, Icely JD, Newton A. The effect of benthic sediments on dissolved nutrient concentrations and fluxes. Biogeochemistry 2006; 81:159–178.

Pereira MG, Latchford JW, Mudge SM. The use of Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) for the characterisation of microbial communities in marine sediments. Geomicrobiol 2006; 23:247–251.

Ali MM, Mudge SM. Lipid geochemistry in a sediment core from Conwy Estuary, North Wales. Sains Malaysiana 2005; 34:23–33.

Ali MM, Mudge SM. The use of multivariate statistical analysis in lipid biomarker studies. Sains Malaysiana 2005; 34:35–41.

Chenery AM, Mudge SM. Detecting anthropogenic stress in an ecosystem: 3. Mesoscale variability and biotic indices. Environ Forensics 2005; 6:1–14.

Assinder DJ, Mudge SM, Russell AT. Micro- and mesoscale variability in sediment activity concentrations: The implications for dose assessment. Radioprotection 2005; 40(Suppl 1):S569–573.

Mudge S, Duce CE. Identifying the source, transport paths and sinks of sewage derived organic matter. Environ Pollut 2005; 136:209–220.

Newton A, Mudge SM. Lagoon—Sea exchanges, nutrient dynamics and water quality management of the Ria Formosa (Portugal). Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 2005; 62:405–414.

Barreira LM, Bebianno MJ, Mudge SM, Ferreira AM, Albino CI, Veriato LM. Relationship between PCBs in suspended and settled sediments from a coastal lagoon. Ciencias Marinas 2005; 31(1B):179–195.

Hopkins FE, Mudge SM. Detecting anthropogenic stress in an ecosystem: 2. Macrofauna in a sewage gradient. Environ Forensics 2004; 5:213–223.

Hewitt EJ, Mudge SM. Detecting anthropogenic stress in an ecosystem: 1. Meiofauna in a sewage gradient. Environ Forensics 2004; 5:155–170.

Buckley FSE, Mudge SM. Dimethylsulphide and ocean-atmosphere interactions. Chem Ecol 2004; 20:7–95.

Pereira MG, Mudge SM. Cleaning oiled shores: laboratory experiments testing the potential use of vegetable oil biodiesels. Chemosphere 2004; 54(3):297–304.

Munoz J, Mudge SM, et al. Effects of ionic strength on the production of short chain volatile hydrocarbons by Dunaliella salina (Teodoresco). Chemosphere 2004; 54(8):1267–1271.

Pereira MG, Mudge SM, et al. Polymerisation versus degradation of sunflower oil spilled in the marine environments. Mar Pollut Bull 2003; 46(9):1078–1081.

Mudge SM, Birch GF, Matthai C. The effect of grain size and element concentration in identifying contaminant sources. Environ Forensics 2003; 4:305–312.

Newton A, Mudge SM. Temperature and salinity regimes in a shallow, mesotidal lagoon, the Ria Formosa, Portugal. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 2003; 57(1–2):73–85.

Pereira MG, Mudge SM, et al. Vegetable oil spills on salt marsh sediments; comparison between sunflower and linseed oils. Mar Environ Res 2003; 56(3):367–385.

Collins KJ, East J, Jensen AC, Mallinson JJ, Mudge SM, Smith IP. Environmental impact assessment of a scrap tyre artificial reef. Biologia Marina Mediterranea 2002; 9(2):200.

Perraudin E, Mudge SM. Rate of change of BOD for milk in natural seawater. Chem Ecol 2002; 18:213–221.

Mudge SM. Aspects of hydrocarbon fingerprinting using PLS—New data from Prince William Sound. Environ Forensics 2002; 3(3–4):323–329.

Pereira MG, Mudge SM, et al. Consequences of linseed oil spills in salt marsh sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 2002; 44(6):520–533.

Mudge SM. Reassessment of the hydrocarbons in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska: Identifying the source using partial least- squares. Environ Sci Technol 2002; 36(11):2354–2360.

Mudge SM. Aspects of hydrocarbon fingerprinting using PLS—New data from Prince William Sound. Proceedings, 25th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program, Vol. 1, pp. 533–545, Calgary, Canada, 2002.

Mudge SM. The vegetable oil spill that wasn’t. Proceedings, 25th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program, Vol. 2, pp. 1295–1300, Calgary, Canada, 2002.

Siemens R, Mudge SM, Cancino JC. The effect of physical and chemical parameters on the macroinfaunal community structure of San Vicente bay. Chile Rev Chil Hist Nat 2001; 74:429–444.

Seguel CG, Mudge SM, Salgado C, Toledo M. Tracing sewage in the marine environment: altered signatures in Concepcion Bay, Chile. Water Res 2001; 35:4166–4174.

Mudge SM. Reassessment of the hydrocarbons in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska: Identifying the source using Partial Least Squares. Proceedings, 24th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program, pp. 1–12, Edmonton, Canada, 2001.

Mudge SM. Shoreline treatment of spilled vegetable oils Spill. Sci Tech Bull 1999; 5:303–304.

Mudge SM, Seguel CG. Organic Contamination of San Vicente Bay, Chile. Mar Pollut Bull 1999; 38:1011–1021.

Mudge SM, Lintern DG. Sewage and other biomarkers in Victoria Harbour, B.C. Canada. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 1999; 48:27–38.

Mudge SM, Pereira G. Stimulating the biodegradation of crude oil with biodiesel. Spill Sci Tech Bull 1999; 5:353–355.

Mudge SM. Delivering multimedia teaching modules via the internet. Innovations in Education and Training International 1999; 36:11–16.

Mudge SM, Bebianno MJ, East JA, Barreira L. Sterols in the Ria Formosa Lagoon, Portugal. Water Res 1999;33(4):1038–1048.

Mudge SM, Miller NJ. Removing mineral oil residues from beaches with vegetable oils. In: Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis and Control. Garcia-Martinez R and Brebbia CA (eds), WIT Press, Southampton, UK, p. 372, 1998.

Mudge SM, East JA, Bebianno MJ, Barreira L. Fatty acids in the Ria Formosa, Portugal. Org Geochem 1998; 29:963–977.

Pereira MG, Mudge SM. Bacterial degradation of vegetable oils. Chem Ecol 1998; 14:291–303.

Mudge SM, Hooper L, Icely JD. Biomarkers associated with sewage in the Arade Estuary, Portugal. Env Technol 1998; 19:1055–1060.

Mudge SM, Bebianno MJ. Trace organic matter in the Ria Formosa, Portugal. Chem Ecol 1998; 14:265–277.

Mudge SM. Delivering multimedia CAL modules via the WWW SEDA—Innovations in Teaching Science 1998; 2.

Mudge SM. Vegetable oil spills—Pollution or over-cautiousness? Chem Ecol 1998; 14:259–264.

Assinder DJ, Mudge SM, Gibson C, Fish P, MacDonald J. Assessment of environmental radioactive contamination and dose to man by in situ gamma spectrometric, beta dose and gamma air kerma rate measurements. Proceedings, International Symposium on Marine Pollution. IAEA, Monaco, pp. 446–447, 1998.

Assinder DJ, Mudge SM, Bourne GS. Assessment of radiation exposure from discharges of uranium ore concentrate processing. Proceedings, International Conference Radiation and Society, Comprehending Radiation Risk IAEA, Vienna 2, pp. 184–187, 1996.

Miller NJ, Mudge SM. The effect of biodiesel on the rate of removal and weathering characteristics of crude oil within artificial sand columns. Spill Sci Tech Bull 1997; 4:17–33.

Mudge SM, Norris CE. Lipid biomarkers in the Conwy Estuary: A comparison between fatty alcohols and sterols. Mar Chem 1997; 57:61–84.

Mudge SM. Can vegetable oils spills outlast mineral oils spills? Mar Poll Bullet 1997; 34:213.

Mudge SM, Bebiano MJ. Sewage contamination in the Ria Formosa following a spillage Mar Pollut Bull 1997; 34:163–170.

Mudge SM, Seguel CG. Trace organic contaminants and lipid biomarkers in San Vicente and Concepcion Bays. Bol Soc Chil Quim 1997; 42:5–15.

Mudge SM, Assinder DJ, Bourne GS. Radiological assessment of the Ribble Estuary III. Dynamics of fine-grained sediments in the estuary. J Environ. Radioact 1997; 36:43–67.

Mudge SM, Assinder DJ, Bourne GS. Radiological assessment of the Ribble Estuary II. Beta dose, gamma air kerma rates and doses to critical groups. J Environ Radioact 1997; 36:21–41.

Assinder DJ, Mudge SM, Bourne GS. Radiological Assessment of the Ribble Estuary, I. Activity Concentrations. J Environ Radioact 1997; 36:1–9.

Mudge SM. Pollution caused by accidental spillages of vegetable oil. In: Environmental Issues Facing the Edible Oil industry. Allen DA and Kochhar SP (eds), P.J. Barnes & Assocs, 123 pp. 1996.

Mudge SM. Deleterious effects from accidental spillages of vegetable oil Spill. Sci Tech Bullet 1996; 2:187–191.

Mudge SM, Assinder DJ, Bourne GS. Measurements of beta and gamma doses in the Ribble Estuary. J Radiological Protection 1996; 16:237–248.

Mudge SM, Goodchild I, Wheeler M. Vegetable oil spills on salt marshes. Chem Ecology 1995; 10:127–135.

Newstead S, Mudge SM, Assinder DJ, Bourne GS. A radiological assessment of the Ribble Estuary. Proceedings, Symposium on the Environmental Impact of Radioactive Releases IAEA, Vienna, 1995.

Mudge SM. Tales of the unexpected: Vegetable oils as pollutants. Ocean News 1995; 2:7.

Mudge SM, Assinder DJ, Bourne GS. A survey of radioactivity in the Ribble Estuary II. Radiogical assessment. Environment Series 1994; 3:1–93.

Mudge SM, Assinder DJ, Bourne GS. A survey of radioactivity in the Ribble Estuary I. Sediment activity concentrations. Environment Series 1994; 2:1–67.

Mudge SM. Vegetable oils and troubled waters. Advances Wales 1994; 5:14.

Mudge SM. Review of The Irish Sea: An environmental review. Geographical J 1993; 158:236.

Mudge SM, Salgado MA, East J. Preliminary investigations into sunflower oil contamination following the wreck of the M.V. Kimya. Mar Pollut Bull 1993; 26:40–44.

Mudge SM, Bourne GS, Assinder DJ. Radiological assessment of the Ribble Estuary. Proceedings, Radioactivity and Environmental Security in the Oceans, pp. 415–424, 1993.

Mudge SM, Horrill AD, Kelly M, Hamilton-Taylor J. Soil-plant transfer factors for Pu in the field and laboratory in relation to desorption from the solid phase. Proceedings, CEC Workshop on Terrestrial Transfer of Radionuclides, pp. 532–537, 1990.

Horrill AD, Mudge SM. The influence of grassland management on the radionuclide inventory of soils in w. Cumbria. J Environ Radioact 1990; 12:143–165.

Kelly M, Emptage MR, Mudge SM, Bradshaw K, Hamilton-Taylor J. The relationship between sediment and plutonium budgets in a small macrotidal estuary. J Environ Radioact 1990; 13:55–74.

Assinder D, Hamilton-Taylor J, Kelly M, Mudge SM, Bradshaw K. Field and laboratory measurements of the rapid remobilisation of plutonium from estuarine sediments. J Radioanal Nucl Chem Art 1990; 138:417–424.

Mudge SM, Hamilton-Taylor J, Kelly M, Bradshaw K. Laboratory studies of the chemical behaviour of plutonium associated with contaminated sediments. J Environ Radioact 1988; 8:217–237.

Kelly M, Mudge SM, Hamilton-Taylor J, Bradshaw K. The behaviour of dissolved plutonium in the Esk Estuary, UK. Proceedings, Symp Radioactivity and Oceanography, pp. 321–330, 1988.

Kelly M, Hamilton-Taylor J, Mudge SM, Bradshaw K. Rapid remobilisation of plutonium from estuarine sediments. J Environ Radioact 1987; 5: 409–423.

Mudge SM, Davenport J. Serum pigmentation in Cyclopterus lumpus L. J Fish Biol 1986; 29:737–745.

Mudge SM, Whittle MA, Gabbott PA. Kinetic data analysis of glucose 6-phosphate dependency of glycogen synthase. Biochem Soc Trans 1985; 13:1151–1152.

Book Chapters

Mudge SM. Sediment and soil environmental forensics—What do we know? In: Soil Forensics. Ritz K(ed), Springer-Velag, 2008.

Mudge SM. Environmental forensics and the importance of source identification. In: Issues in Environmental Science and Technology. Harrison R (ed), Cambridge, 2008.

Mudge SM. Approaching environmental forensics. In: Methods in Environmental Forensics. Mudge SM (ed), CRC Press, 2008.

Mudge SM. Multivariate and geo-statistical methods in environ forensics. In: Methods in Environmental Forensics. Mudge SM (ed), CRC Press, 2008.

Birch GF, Russell AT, Mudge SM. Normalisation techniques in the forensic assessment of contaminated environments. In: Methods in Environmental Forensics. Mudge SM (ed), CRC Press, 2008.

Bravo-Linares C, Mudge SM. Volatiles Organic Compounds (VOCs) analysis in water, sediments and soils and their application in environmental forensics. In: Methods in Environmental Forensics. Mudge SM (ed), CRC Press, 2008.

Mudge SM, Ball AS. Sewage. In: Environmental Forensics: A Contaminant Specific Approach. Morrison R, Murphy B (eds), Elsevier, pp. 533, 2006.

Books Edited

Mudge SM. Methods in Environmental Forensics. CRC Press, 2008.

Presentations

Mudge SM. Multivariate statistical techniques in environmental forensics. Workshop Presentation, SETAC World Congress, Sydney, Australia, August 2008.

Mudge SM, Eadsforth C. Fingerprinting of fatty alcohols in environmental samples. Poster Presentation at SETAC World Congress, Sydney, Australia, August 2008.

Mudge SM. Separating natural from anthropogenic. International Environmental Forensics Conference Qingdao, China, May 27–30, 2008.

Mudge SM, Munoz J, Loyola R, Bravo-Linares C, Carbezas C, Vasquez L. It’s not all recent! Separating old from new in a Chilean Oil spill. International Environmental Forensics Conference Qingdao, China, May 27–30, 2008.

Bravo-Linares C, Mudge SM. Identifying the sources of halogenated volatile organic compounds in coastal areas. International Environmental Forensics Conference Qingdao, China, May 27–30, 2008.

Loyola R, Lopez G, Muñoz J, Bravo-Linares C, Mudge SM. Trihalomethane formation in drinking water supply system of Concepción and Talcahuano, Chile. International Environmental Forensics Conference Qingdao, China, May 27–30, 2008.

Mudge SM. Introduction to soil and sediment environmental forensics. Oklahoma University, January 2008.

Mudge SM. Cleaning San Vicente Bay. Presentation of outcomes to stakeholders after oil spill cleanup, Concepcion, Chile, December 2007.

Mudge SM, Icely JD, Newton A. Vulnerabilities in transitional waters—Oxygen depletion. 3rd European Conference on Lagoon Research, Naples, Italy, November 2007.

Icely, JD, Hinson B, Mudge SM, Newton A. Effect of sediment characteristics on the microphytobenthos community in the Ria Formosa Lagooon, Portugal. 3rd European Conference on Lagoon Research, Naples, Italy, November 2007.

Mudge SM. Sediment and soil environmental forensics—What do we know? Invited keynote at the 2nd Soil Forensics International Conference, Edinburgh, UK, October 2007.

Mudge SM. Commentary on “How to increase industrial water productivity.” UNIDO, Technology Foresight Summit, Symposium on Water Productivity in the Industry of the Future, Budapest, September 2007.

Mudge SM. Commentary on “Matching water quality to use requirements.” UNIDO, Technology Foresight Summit, Symposium on Water Productivity in the Industry of the Future, Budapest, September 2007.

Mudge SM. Ecosystem services—An Assembly Member’s brief. CEH, Bangor, September 2007.

Mudge SM. Tracking sewage. One-week course in the EU Joint Master’s programme, Water and Coastal Management, Cadiz, Spain, May 2007.

Mudge SM. Geostatistics—Identifying the trend. Environmental Forensics: A new frontier Conference, Bournemouth, April 2007.

Cordingley R, Mudge SM, Bravo-Linares C. Volatile organic compounds from North Wales sewage treatment plants. Environmental forensics: A new frontier Conference, Bournemouth, April 2007.

Williams B, Mudge SM, et al. Lead (Pb) in the Conwy Estuary—Natural, technologically enhanced and anthropogenic sources. Environmental forensics: A new frontier Conference, Bournemouth, April 2007.

Mudge SM. Natural variability—Implications for sampling and confidence in EF cases. Royal Society of Chemistry, Methods in Environmental Forensics Conference at Durham, UK, September 2006.

Wayland D, Megson D, Mudge SM, Icely JD, Newton A. Identifying the source of nutrient contamination in a lagoon system. Winning poster at the Royal Society of Chemistry, Methods in Environmental Forensics Conference at Durham, UK, September 2006.

Mudge SM. Dioxins—Occurrence and measurement. Overview for Minster of Health, Concepcion, Chile, August 2006.

Mudge SM, Newton A. Curriculum Design in Marine Sciences (Six part course to network of Chilean Universities). Concepcion, Iquique and Coquimbo Universities, Chile, 2006.

Mudge SM. Natural sources of fatty alcohols in the environment. ERASM, SDA and APAG groups, London, May 2006.

Mudge SM. Tracking sewage. One-week course in the EU Joint Master’s programme, Water and Coastal Management, Bergen, Norway, April 2006.

Mudge SM. Multivariate statistical techniques in environmental forensics. Pacifichem, Hawai’i, December 2005.

Mudge SM. Environmental forensics—An introduction. Flinders University, September 2005.

Mudge SM. Signature analysis by statistical methods: Chemometric methods for source allocation. Southeast Asia Environmental Forensics Conference, Taiwan, September 2005.

Mudge SM. Environmental forensics—An introduction. Plymouth University, August 2005.

Mudge SM. How environmental forensics can help in wildlife crime. North Wales Wildlife Trust, April 2005.

Mudge SM. Source tracking in Environmental Forensics. Intersol Conference, Paris, April 2005.

Mudge SM. Environmental Forensics—An introduction. Sixth Form Pupils Conference, December 2004.

Mudge SM. Source tracking. Marine Research Conference, Aberystwyth, for CCW, December 2004.

Mudge SM. Identifying sources (Environmental Forensics) using GC-MS profiles. British Mass Spectroscopy Society, Derby, September 2004.

Russell AT, Mudge SM, Assinder DJ. Micro-scale variability of contaminants in estuarine surface sediments. Lancaster, for the Environment Agency, August 2004.

Bravo-Linares C, Mudge SM, Muñoz J, Loyola R. Halocarbons, anthropogenic and biogenic sources: An integrated review. The 53rd Annual Meeting of the British Phycological Society (BPS), University of Birmingham, January 2004.

Muñoz J, Mudge SM, Loyola R, Bravo-Linares C, Hernández G. Volatile organic halocarbonated compounds produced by Dunaliella tertiolecta (butcher) at different stages of culture period. The 53rd Annual Meeting of the British Phycological Society (BPS), University of Birmingham, January 2004.

Muñoz J, Mudge SM, Loyola R, Bravo-Linares C, Peralta M. Natural production of volatile organic halocarbonated compounds released by Ulva rigida, Mazzaela laminariodes and Lesonia nigrecens. Poster, 53rd Annual Meeting of the British Phycological Society (BPS), University of Birmingham, January 2004.

Mudge SM, Hewitt E, Hopkins F. Multivariate statistics in quantifying the source of pollution or stress. 12th International Symposium on Biological Indicators, Bioindicators for Environmental Management, City University, Hong Kong, December 2003.

Mudge SM. Sewage and flushing. Estuaries on the edge. Estuarine Research Federation, Seattle, WA, August 2003.

• Post-Doctoral Research Associate, University of Lancaster, Environmental Sciences, 1985–1991